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So am I suggesting good men should do nothing? What He desires is for you and me to be so close to Him, that when He commands us to be still, we hear Him. (Google Books full view), 1867 March 16, Littells Living Age, [Inaugural Address at University of St. Andrews: 1867 February 1], Page 664, Number 1189, Fourth Series, Littell and Gay, Boston. The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. That is all that the criminal wants of the lawto be let alone. The earliest attribution of the modern saying to Edmund Burke was found by top researcher Barry Popik. Edmund Burke Good Men Evil Nothing Triumph Irish Statesman January 12, 1729 - July 9, 1797 Citation Quotes to Explore The ultimate tragedy is not the oppression and cruelty by the bad people but the silence over that by the good people. The saying bears closer resemblance to the words of English philosopher John Stuart Mill, who in the 1860s wrote, Bad men need nothing more to compass their ends, than that good men should look on and do nothing., Isaac Kramnick, a professor emeritus at Cornell University who has studied Burke, told The Daily Caller in an email, I know the quote. "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." Melihat film-film tentang holocaust salah satunya The Schindler's list, tidaklah lengkap sebelum menonton film tentang kehidupan Hitler. Similarly, in a 1961 speech, Kennedy said, "Somebody once said that Washington was a city of Northern charm and Southern efficiency," another now routinely credited to him, though of unknown origin. 3 Our role is to listen to our Captain to determine what, if anything, we are to do. To support Open Cultures educational mission, please consider making a donation. "It has been said that for evil men to accomplish their purpose, it is only necessary for good men should do nothing.". ", Even when he did cite his sources, Kennedy routinely got them wrong. 100% June 20 p. 64. "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." It's a quote routinely attributed to Edmund Burke. The wicked freely strut about when what is vile is honoured among men, 2006, The Quote Verifier by Ralph Keyes, Quote Page 59, 109, and 286, St Martins Griffin, New York. SweetCitrusDesign. (ProQuest), 1920 June, 100%: The Efficiency Magazine, Are We Helping the Radicals? by Charles H. Norton, Page 64, Efficiency Company, Chicago. A History of Ideas: Animated Videos Explain Theories of Simone de Beauvoir, Edmund Burke & Other Philosophers, What Books Did Wunderkind Philosopher J.S. "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing!" True or False? I've referenced this quote hundreds of times. But in the meantime, those who call Jesus their Savior should start with Pray without ceasing., Your email address will not be published. From Judah, we learn that there are times when TO ACT IS TO SIN. Through machinations they worked their way up and in November 1932 they had 33% of the seats, becoming the largest party but far from a majority. When I used the triumph of evil quotation recently to condemn complacency, a man named Hamilton A. In 1924 the Surrey Mirror of Surrey, England reported on a meeting of an organization called the World Brotherhood Federation. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. While this maxim has been attributed to Burke since at least the 1920s, it appears nowhere in his written works and is widely considered spurious. Aked used an expression similar to the quotation under investigation; however, he used the locution it has been said to signal that he was not claiming originality. But each plays a small partnone of them stretches so far that theyd have to contemplate the final effects of their actions. Bromwich pointed to this as the probable source of the misattribution in his intellectual biography of Burke. Cite this page as follows: "What did Edmund Burke mean by "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing."?" eNotes Editorial, 9 Apr. The Only Thing Necessary For The Triumph Of Evil Is For Good Men To Do Nothing Inspirational Quote Printable Religious Quote. The great tragedy of our era is the extent to which evil has been successful in convincing people to service it. Loving Actions. Quote Investigator: First, The Quote Verifier volume has my highest recommendation. And then after about five minutes, it happened. "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." This quote keeps coming back to me, increasingly so these last few years. Charlottesville, VA 22902 Ralph Keyes is the author of "The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When," out this month from St. Martin's Press. We are action oriented. Clothing & Shoes View All Men'sWomen'sKids'Toddler (12M-5T)Baby (0-24M) The record is too incomplete to make strong claims about who crafted the quote. In July of 1920 a man named Sir R. Murray Hyslop delivered an address at a Congregational church conference that included the following:[3]1921, Volume of Proceedings of the Fourth International Congregational Council, Held in Boston Massachusetts June 29 July 6 1920, Address Delivered July 5, 1920 to the International Continue reading, Burke once said: The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men should do nothing.. 1 First, when we suggest evil triumphs we have a very short sighted understanding of triumph. (Google Books full view), 1895 June, The Medical Bulletin, The Medical Profession and the State: Alumni Oration by Hon. "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing" - Edmund Burke, 1795 As I sit on the steps leading down to the garden from the verandah, its night in Pelawatte. Apparently, he never uttered these words . .". His inaction is often the handmaid of evil. But to boil down evil and why it occurs and triumphs to a simple humanistic explanation of good men doing nothing ignores all of the Bible and tempts you and me to act first, and pray or consider God last, if at all. According to his speechwriter Theodore Sorensen, Kennedy "was the chief source of his own best quotations." Edmund Burke. So when God tells us to be still or to not act (do nothing), it goes against the grain of who we are as a people. Puppy in pain original sound - Mustlove.dogs . 3. The Babylonians who are attacking this city will come in and set it on fire; they will burn it down, along with the houses where the people aroused my anger by burning incense on the roofs to Baal and by pouring out drink offerings to other gods. . In June 1920 a periodical called 100%: The Efficiency Magazine published a maxim that was identical to the one above. . Teric Darken. This not only perked up his prose, but improved his press by giving him an air of erudition. Here is where you would expect that famous quote from Edmund Burke. The words were attributed to Burke and a 1795 letter was specified as support:[18] 1968, Bartletts Familiar Quotations 14th Edition Revised and Enlarged, edited by Emily Morison Beck [by John Bartlett], Page 454, Little, Brown and Company, Boston. Mariott Brosius of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Start Page 201, Quote Page 203, Column 1, The F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was not specific. (Verified on paper), 1955 November, The Rotarian, Yes, Hes a Party Hack Believes O. C. Fisher by O. C. Fisher (Member of U. S. Congress), Quote Page 9, Column 1, Published by Rotary International. "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." Attributed to Edmund Burke, including by John F Kennedy in a speech in 1961. Charles F. Aked and it occurred twice: once in the subhead of the article and once in the body. The doctrine was developed by George P.A. Therefore this is what the Lord says: I am about to give this city into the hands of the Babylonians and to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, who will capture it. A preliminary search shows no compelling evidence that Jefferson made this remark. Americans wholeheartedly embrace it. But what if I told you the quote is neither Scriptural, nor inspired. Ive referenced this quote hundreds of times. One disagreement involved the important reference book Bartletts Familiar Quotations and the well-known word maven William Safire. Its hard to rely 100% on ads, and your contributions will help us continue providing the best free cultural and educational materials to learners everywhere. JFK also was the first U.S. official to talk about "light at the end of the tunnel" with reference to Vietnam, though the phrase was hardly original to him. We see the warning signs. Evil is defined as an act that is Words 2179 - Pages 9 How much territory could Caesar have conquered on his own? As a result, evil will triumph (momentarily). (Verified on paper). John Stuart Mill? Something like 'All that's necessary for the forces of evil to win in the world is for enough good men to do nothing.'. Quotation: "All tyranny needs to gain a foothold is for people of good conscience to remain silent. lingobingo Senior Member London English - England Feb 16, 2021 #2 We close this letter by reminding each of you with the wisdom shared by Edmund Burke in a letter addressed to Thomas Mercer when he wrote: "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is . http://chn.ge/2G7r89U via @Change . As Americans, this is a tough principle to accept. The quote is possibly a paraphrase, although a definitive source has yet to be found. We can all tell stories of people who were lured into an addiction, a dangerous investment, a bad relationship, an abortion, or an infidelity. 0 arses. In the longer version he said . Nine years earlier, journalist Edward R. Murrow had said of Churchill, "He mobilized the English language and sent it into battle to steady his fellow countrymen and hearten those Europeans upon whom the long dark night of tyranny had descended. . The people never give up their liberties but under some delusion.. Edmund Burke (12 January 1729 - 9 July 1797) was a British and Irish statesman, economist, and philosopher.Born in Dublin, Burke served as a member of parliament (MP) between 1766 and 1794 in the House of Commons of Great Britain with . I will gladly do it, I dont know what it is. The sad truth is that most evil is done by people who never make up their minds to be good or evil. Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. told author Thurston Clarke that his draft of Kennedy's speech for this dinner had included a tortured passage on Jefferson's many talents and achievements, and that Kennedy himself came up with the pithier, more memorable remark. Burke studied in Trinity College Dublin, and the university also suggests that a paraphrase is likely (here). Yet how often do we either forget, or we dont really consider this as doing? When was the last time you or I sweat drops of blood, or just shed tears of anguish, for the evil we were confronting? Dear Quote Investigator: Here is a challenge for you. "All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing." (Edmund Burke) So much of the history of the struggle between good and evil can be explained by Edmund Burke's observation. on The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing, a Quote Falsely Attributed to Edmund Burke, If you would like to support the mission of Open Culture, consider, Were hoping to rely on our loyal readers rather than erratic ads. if you like our Facebook fanpage, you'll receive more articles like the one you just read! Our first, and overriding, response to evil should always be prayer. (Google Books full view) link. When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle. The wording of the second half matched closely though no attribution was given:[6]1895 June, The Medical Bulletin, The Medical Profession and the State: Alumni Oration by Hon. Society. ", Variations:This quotation has hundreds of variations, which generally are composed of some combination of the following components:(All that is necessary/needed/required) OR (all it takes) OR (the best way)) for evil to (triumph OR succeed OR prosper OR prevail OR "win in the world" OR "gain a foothold") is for ("good men" OR "good people" OR "good men and women" OR "people of good conscience") to ("do nothing" OR "say nothing" OR "remain silent"), Earliest known appearance in print, attributed to Jefferson:2005[1], Status:This quotation has not been found anywhere in Thomas Jefferson's writings. How does that reconcile with the famous quote above? Real Madrid won it on penalties, Cristiano Ronaldo - who had done approximately nothing all game - spanked home the last one after . First, middle and last. But I know that I have never seen it in his oeuvre., Jesse Norman, a member of the British Parliament who authored a book on the philosopher, told the Caller, As far as I am aware Burke never said this.. A popular phrase warning against complacency has been misattributed to the eighteenth-century Irish philosopher and statesman Edmund Burke. It takes many good deeds to build a good reputation, and only one bad one to lose it. (Google Books full view) Continue reading. (Three years before Kennedy so quoted Khrushchev, military strategist Herman Kahn had published a book on nuclear war in which he repeatedly asked, "Will the living envy the dead? Whether for work or for play our t-shirts make a bold statement. Update history: On May 9, 2012 the citation for Charles F Aked dated October 31, 1916 was added to the post. I have filled them in in square brackets. Both produced apothegms that are loosely similar to the quotation under investigation but are unmistakably distinct. Edmund Burke, its supposed source, was a good man, but that doesn't make the saying true. Votes: 6 Edmund Burke Evil triumphs when good men do nothing. If you do nothing your strength is limited. I know its attributed to Burke. Journalist Sander Vanocur said Kennedy liked to quote British statesman Lord Morley's observation that "Life in politics is one continuous choice between second bests." Not acting though is not the same as not doing. There is a time to act, and a time not to act. But I am saying that we too often accept as gospel truth what our traditions teach us, our parents pass down, or our culture inculcates. Long of Philadelphia wrote to ask where and when Burke had said it. The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. The impressive research of Keyes is presented in a fascinating, entertaining, and fun manner. When I'm good, I'm very good. In 1916, Reverend Charles F. Aked said one of the most similar versions when supporting Prohibition. Hey, Kathy. But in the end, we regret that we didnt say something to the one teetering on the edge of failure before it became a huge issue. It is ordained in the eternal constitution of things, that men of intemperate minds cannot be free. When evil is defeated, its always a God thing. No source can be found for this attribution. Many of you reading this have now come to realize how some of the evil that has permeated our country has been so incrementally slow over the past 50 years that we didn't notice how it was affecting our daily lives. You say, This is what the Lord says: I am about to give this city into the hands of the king of Babylon, and he will capture it. If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for reward, then we are a sorry lot indeed. Time and again those who profess to be good seem to clearly outnumber those who are evil, yet those who are evil seem to prevail far too often. Zedekiah king of Judah will not escape the Babylonians but will certainly be given into the hands of the king of Babylon, and will speak with him face to face and see him with his own eyes. For example, "The hottest places in hell are reserved for those who in a period of great moral crisis maintain their neutrality" is a quotation he attributed to Dante. Get our latest tips and leader helps with our free monthly e-newsletter. The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. TikTok video from Mustlove.dogs (@mustlove.dogs): ""The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." So happy for that neighbour. This quote has its roots in the Talmud, and Midrashic commentaries from sources such as: to save one life is to save the entire world, and therefore to do nothing in the aid of your neighbor is to bring on destruction among many other comments this one stood out thx. And when He commands us to shout, we shout! 2019, https://www.enotes.com . As a result, God ultimately punished it by bringing a foreign power to conquer it and take its citizens into captivity. This article was produced by the Reuters Fact Check team. Burke argued for "good" people (he said "men," but it was 1770) to unite in opposition to evil because standing by passively will allow evil to triumph. Let not any one pacify his conscience by the delusion that he can do no harm if he takes no part, and forms no opinion. Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws. Look around our site, youll find lots of ideas. The vents blew the fabric into the candelabra. In 1895 a medical bulletin printed a comment that was similar to John Stuart Mills adage. Then tell me, what of those churches who do not help other Christians. Thanks for your question. ", The most stirring line of JFK's inaugural address, "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country," echoed similar exhortations made by many others, including Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and President Warren G. Harding, who told the 1916 Republican convention, "We must have a citizenship less concerned about what the government can do for it and more anxious about what it can do for the nation. Some of Kennedy's most famous phrases turned out to have long, unacknowledged pedigrees. The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So lets look at the three points above in greater detail. He should not be lulled to repose by the delusion that he does no harm who takes no part in public affairs. The slogan of a recently established constructive publication is For evil men to accomplish their purpose, it is only necessary that good men do nothing, quoting the Rev. Thus, the saying was probably in circulation before 1916. Edmund Burke Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he could do only a little. (Google Books full view), 1920 July, Railway Carmens Journal, Editorial Notes, Page 366, Brotherhood Railway Carmen of the United States and Canada, Kansas City, Missouri. Read more about our work to fact-check social media posts here . On February 23, 2019 a typo was fixed when bit was changed to but. Kerusso Apparel / 2021 / Gift. But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven; for he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. Congressman named O. C. Fisher wrote a short piece in The Rotarian, and he used an instance of the saying credited to Burke:[16]1955 November, The Rotarian, Yes, Hes a Party Hack Believes O. C. Fisher by O. C. Fisher (Member of U. S. Congress), Quote Page 9, Column 1, Published by Rotary International. That was long before the fire retardant foam spewed from the extinguisher. This is what the famous quote should say: The only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for good men to obey. All that is necessary for evil to succeed is for good men to do nothing as they must if they believe they can do nothing. It must take advantage of healthy and effective life (AKA good men and women) if its to succeed. | TikTok. Now what can I do to change al of this? ", The inspiration for Kennedy's famous observation, "For of those to whom much is given, much is required" can be found in Luke 12:48: "For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required. Edmund Burke? Being confused and intimidated, they look for the center of the pack. It has been said that for evil men to accomplish their purpose it is only necessary that good men should do nothing.. Edmund Burke, its supposed source, was a good man, but that doesnt make the saying true. The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for average people to imagine they can control and use it. Your email address will not be published. (ProQuest), Burke said, When bad men combine, good men must organize., In October 1916 the San Jose Mercury Herald reported on a speech by Charles F. Aked in favor of prohibition as mentioned at the beginning of this article. Political figures routinely get their quotations wrong. : Platos Apology (in Ancient Greek), Cervantes Don Quixote & Much More, Jeremy Benthams Mummified Body Is Still on DisplayMuch Like Other Aging British Rock Stars. While we will never fully understand Gods thoughts or ways (He Himself tells us this) we can study what He does and begin to conclude How He acts, at times. Curiously, the variant of this quotation almost exclusively attributed to Jefferson is "all tyranny needs to gain a foothold is for people of good conscience to remain silent." 12:21 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good (NET Bible: www.netbible.org). We find the free courses and audio books you need, the language lessons & educational videos you want, and plenty of enlightenment in between. Its always easier to do nothing in a difficult time, but its not what we were created for. . The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do. The following passage contains the spirit of the quote too, Ps 12 v 7 8 Prayer is spiritual. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Basically decent men and women obey agents of evil for very mundane reasons. The do that is more important than any action is this: Pray without ceasing. 1 Thessalonians 5:17. It is possible that Aked created an adage with conscious or unconscious inspiration from Burke or Mill. But not acting is not the same as not doing.. The Theory of Evil is also known as the Principle of Evil, the Law of Evil, or the Law of Excluded Middle. Without claiming they were his own words, Kennedy put a number of quotations into play that were subsequently attributed to him. 931 Thomas Jefferson Parkway Whats going on with these people? This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Kennedy's main resource for quotations was his own memory and the notebook in which he'd jotted quotations and other material for years -- some drawn from books he'd read, but most from his mind. The southern kingdom of Israel, called Judah, had regularly strayed from God, throughout its existence. Etymologist Barry Popik has found attributions to Burke dating back to 1920. Subscribe!function(m,a,i,l,s,t,e,r){m[s]=m[s]||(function(){t=a.createElement(i);r=a.getElementsByTagName(i)[0];t.async=1;t.src=l;r.parentNode.insertBefore(t,r);return !0}())}(window,document,'script','https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/mailster/assets/js/button.min.js','MailsterSubscribe'); 2006-2023 Open Culture, LLC. And if those first mistakes had not been made, great fights against evil wouldnt be necessary. Without thousands of basically decent people confused enough to obey, evil would fail quickly. If you say, But we didnt know about this,. We accept PayPal, Venmo (@openculture), Patreon and Crypto! "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing." Perhaps if we changed the quote slightly so as to say "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do and say nothing," then it becomes particularly well-suited for us today. Add To Cart Add To Wishlist. The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing Opinions #drawing #pe ncil #po rtrait #dr awingchallenge #dr awings #dr a wingtutorial. The governor is not taking phone calls and has vowed to put it into law over the senate. Here is an example of a famous one with an incorrect attribution: The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing. Dozens noticed it, but each thought, I dont want to be the weird guy who walks on stage while the pastor is speaking. No man, who is not inflamed by vain-glory into enthusiasm, can flatter himself that his single, unsupported, desultory, unsystematic endeavours are of power to defeat the subtle designs and united Cabals of ambitious citizens. It is a statement as profound as "water is wet". The most glaring example is "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing," which Kennedy attributed to British philosopher Edmund Burke and which recently was judged the most popular quotation of modern times in a poll conducted by editors of "The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations." It is high time that the law-abiding citizens of Washington, and particularly those in organized groups dedicated to civic betterment, became alert to this danger and demanded protection against organized gangdom. Two Strategies to Overcome Them. I have been reading the wonderful book The Quote Verifier by Ralph Keyes, and he discusses the mixed-up quotations that President John F. Kennedy sometimes declaimed in his speeches. Edmund Burke. The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. What you are stands over you the while, and thunders so that I cannot hear what you say to the contrary.". The roots of all goodness lie in the soil of appreciation for goodness. Good thing politicians don't abuse their power! In July 1920 a different version of the saying appeared anonymously in a magazine called the Railway Carmens Journal. Im a pastor with a graduate degree in theology, and was also raised in a Bible-centric church. According to the website Quote Investigator, the expression was attributed to Burke in the 14th edition of Bartletts Familiar Quotations, erroneously citing a letter from 1795, but the book was later amended. In need unless they are MEMBERS of their own paricular church community? Dante did say some things about hell, but this wasn't among them. And a poll concluded that the quote is the most popular one of modern times. (ProQuest), The trouble is that it may be a phony. This variant used the term bad men and occurred in isolation at the beginning of an editorial section:[10] 1920 July, Railway Carmens Journal, Editorial Notes, Page 366, Brotherhood Railway Carmen of the United States and Canada, Kansas City, Missouri. The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing - Edmund Burke (1729-97) Among the sayings of the Irish philosopher and politician, Edmund Burke, this one has inspired and guided me for many years, and it is particularly significant at this moment in time. New Mexico is about to pass HB51 like New York and Virginia have passed their full-term abortion laws. Charles: "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." Edmund Burke. Even though it is clear by now that Burke is unlikely to have made this observation, no one has ever been able to determine who did. Mill Read Between Ages 3 and 7? One of the most notable attributions of the quote to Burke was by President John F. Kennedy in a speech before Canadian lawmakers in Ottawa, on May 17, 1961 (here). The big difference here is that the scripture everywhere emphasizes Gods sovereign control over all events and his commitment to overthrowing evil. Sometimes we each have to take the initiative even if its a little embarrassing to prevent something even more embarrassing or even dangerous. Continuing with this additional passage, the evil that was coming was described, and yet Judah was to not resist: I am the Lord, the God of all mankind. So it is a call to action. One must do something. QI believes that the full name of Aked was Charles Frederic Aked, and he was a prominent preacher and lecturer who moved from England to America. He did so based on information from a persistent correspondent who stated that the letter cited by Bartletts did not contain the quote:[19] 1980 March 9, New York Times, On Language: The Triumph of Evil by William Safire, Section New York Times Magazine, Page SM2, New York. Just men who trusted and obeyed God. The following passages tells us what was going to happen, why it would happen, and what Judahs response should be: Now Zedekiah king of Judah had imprisoned him there, saying, Why do you prophesy as you do? Whenever a separation is made between liberty and justice, neither, in my opinion, is safe. The only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing. We might be a tool to achieve that defeat, or we might not. The sin of doing nothing is the deadliest of all the seven sins. Karen Reed: I have not researched this variant quotation carefully yet. The address was published in 1921, and it contained a version of the now famous statement which Hyslop attributed to Burke. The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing. The saying was again attributed to Rev. Irish - Statesman January 12, 1729 - July 9, 1797 The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. Let it alone, that is all that is required. Goodness is about character - integrity, honesty, kindness, generosity, moral courage, and the like. (Archive of Americana) (Thanks to Ken Hirsch for pointing out this citation in a post by J. L. Bell at the website Boston 1775; Verified with newspaper scans from Archive of Americana; Thanks to Mike at Duke University for obtaining images from Archive of Americana), 1921, Volume of Proceedings of the Fourth International Congregational Council, Held in Boston Massachusetts June 29 July 6 1920, Address Delivered July 5, 1920 to the International Congregational Council, Some Present Features of the Temperance Crusade by Sir R. Murray Hyslop, J. P., Page 166, [The National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States, New York], The Pilgrim Press, Boston.