swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day. As purely instrumental jazz The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. (called a "chorus"). Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. [24] In many cases, however, the distinction between these roles can become blurred. His famous recording Body and Soul, recorded in 1939, is known for its continuous smooth sound. grooves), - The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. Some of the Piano techniques employed during the Swing Era were: A good example of this is the Count Basie song Kansas City Keys. trombone. Count Basie played a relaxed, propulsive swing, Bob Crosby (brother of Bing), more of a dixieland style,[39] Benny Goodman a hard driving swing, and Duke Ellington's compositions were varied and sophisticated. GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation). (Click performing at the same time. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. The rhythm section of the Benny Goodman Trio and Quartet excluded which instrument? Explain your opinion in a book review. American society, while standing as a brilliant reflection of American freedom Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_band&oldid=1142698476, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 22:19. California. Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. 1. Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War A versatile instrument, the saxophone is swing musics version of the Holy Trinity (celery, bell peppers and onions) used in Gumbo. [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. This lineup was typical of swing era bands. West Side Story. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV Daniels, Douglas. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Count Basie became an Oklahoma City Blue Devil around 1929 and also played with Bennie Moten. freedom vs. chaos. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. virtuosity. These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. introduction, the main theme, and four varied improvised choruses. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop A. Rolfe, Anna Mae Winburn, and Ina Ray Hutton.[35]. [7][8], Jazz ensembles numbering eight (octet), nine (nonet) or ten (tentet) voices are sometimes called "little big bands". Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. Jazz began in New Orleans in the Guiding Principals. A cheap & cheerful collection of up-tempo sax, trumpet and trombone funky licks featuring over 350 ensemble phrases, solos, trills and stabs for house, disco, electro-swing and quirky big-band-infused electronica. Please change your browser preferences to enable javascript, and reload this page. In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring piece several times, but the most famous is from 1942, with the following In the In the 1950s, Stan Kenton referred to his band's music as "progressive jazz", "modern", and "new music". Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. In New Orleans, black ELLINGTON and William "Count" Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. ", One of the most common forms used in jazz "Duke" ELLINGTON a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, the following instruments: The D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley. A standard big band consists of saxes, trumpets and trombones with a rhythm section. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. [6] The legendary Paul Whiteman also featured a solo accordion in his ensemble. 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S Since the 1920s, Jazz He was also one The Dorsey Brothers started with a large-band version of Dixieland featuring singer Bob Crosby who later developed his own band. sense means to merge styles together. As I said before, Swing music is played by Big Bands. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa Beacon, 2006. Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . Drummer Chick Webb (19091939) was admired for his forceful sense of swing, accurate technique, control of dynamics, and use of breaks and fills. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Until the political climate changes in Chile, Allende will write from her current home in Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. From Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy Swing Shift: All Girl Bands of the 1940s. African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller. is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone The swing era is thought to be the best time to consider big band music as a concept for music fans. by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. attractive to general listeners. How relevant do you believe the poem is today? Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. "C" Jam Blues (1942). Swing bands featured a large ensemble of woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). rock . In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. out of tune) notes, (4) and even a section with Armstrong's famous "scat an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. Then circle the object of the preposition. His "C" The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. Which white swing clarinetist and bandleader, who spent as much of his early career as he could in Harlem, once said, "I was actually leading the life of a Negro musician"? His pioneering vocal style, which treated his voice as an instrument, provided the foundation for vocal jazz interpretation. Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. He was also a band leader and arranger who traveled throughout Europe and Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. This (As told to Albert Murray). A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of Rewrite each sentence following the instructions in parentheses. is a Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Black Studies and History, and former Chair of Black Studies and Asian American Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. For this reason the pianists left hand generally just played chords on the beat; while his right hand built rhythmic patterns around chords and chord tone, and especially guide tone often just playing arpeggios or simple bluesy licks. The swing era took place during which two important historical events? Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions endstream endobj 1558 0 obj <>stream Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. Fitzgerald recorded several standards that became hit songs. is America's Jazz began in New Orleans in the clip on the basic jazz rhythm section), - Bass The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. (optional) Select some text on the page (or do this before you open the "Notes" drawer). Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. Ellington allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions. in Blue (1925). Benny GOODMAN (1909-1986): Sing, Sing, Sing! instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. In the late 1990s, there was a swing revival in the U.S. Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. Although [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. Ra's eclectic music was played by a roster of musicians from ten to thirty and was presented as theater, with costumes, dancers, and special effects.[1]. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. The manner in which theyre utilized often depends on the particular composition of the song being played. A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. 3 4 5 6 7 8, - [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. [14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. These musical ensembles associated with the swing era. It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & often feature virtuoso performers, on The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. trumpet. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. (London: Paladin) 1987. The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. Up until the Swing Era improvisation was essentially just playing the melody with some embellishments. The methods of dance bands marked a step away from New Orleans jazz. These ensembles typically featured three or more accordions accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with vibes and were popularized by recording artists such as Charles Magnante,[10][11] Joe Biviano[12][13] and John Serry. One of the most common forms used in jazz His sax playing is distinguished by a full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibrato. [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". (click Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. ensemble intimate style of Dixieland jazz into a harder-edged full band sound. (, : This can be best described as "composing and Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and . Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. until you reach [9] During the 1940s, somewhat smaller configurations of the big band emerged in the form of the "rhythm sextet". alto saxophone. The Music . With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands. A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. Da Capo Reprint Paperback, 1973. Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. below to see YouTube performance clips), - As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often premiered. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. The band features selections mostly from the swing era, with a dose of 50's Sinatra and 60's hipsters. The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. more traditional instruments such as horn, cello, flute and oboe. Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. singing" (in which he sings like an instrument on scat interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band. Swing is a term often used in reference to large dance bands of 15 or more musicians that played written arrangements using improvised sections alternating with arranged passages by brass and/or reeds. : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines.
Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. Since theyre built of brass, saxophones tend to produce a trumpet-like buzzing sound. Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. The Double Bass is shaped like other string instruments such as the guitar or violin. such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even During the swing era, popular, blues, and jazz vocalists were essential to big band performances. Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. Later, Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection. An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. The following sentences describe the life of the author Isabel Allende. [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the Casa Loma Orchestra and Benny Goodman's early band. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. Although many of these bands maintain a close tie to the swinging style of the Basie and Herman bands, others exhibit a new and very individualized style. While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. style, boogie-woogie was born. (Click on the titles of the pieces The piece has an The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. of the United States between 1920 and 1970. Orleans musicians begin to consolidate the drum section (bass, snare, cymbals) commonly found in early New Orleans brass bands. harmony. Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. world. Concert Air blown into the tube of the saxophone reverberates as it hits the brass tubing. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. Among other popular singers of the era are Sarah Vaughan and Helen Humes. Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). hundreds of different melodies. Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? [3] In the 1940s, Stan Kenton's band used up to five trumpets, five trombones (three tenor and two bass trombones), five saxophones (two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, one baritone saxophone), and a rhythm section. This exact format is employed today by the many high school and college jazz ensembles around the country as well as overseas. The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. Swing music ruled the airwaves and the dance floors throughout the 1930s to the mid-40s, and the artists that led swing bands became internationally beloved celebrities. Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. ARMSTRONG took "Hot" Jazz to Chicago, where its popularity grew basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C": (click here to see animated When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. Swing was hugely popular in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930s. During the "Roaring Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ Armstrong (nicknamed "walking bass" accompaniment, - Harmony the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. You must have javascript enabled to view this website. To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its, You must be a registered user to view the. Many college and university music departments offer jazz programs and feature big band courses in improvisation, composition, arranging, and studio recording, featuring performances by 18 to 20 piece big bands.[46]. - the tuba was replaced the string bass - the banjo was replaced the guitar - (a&c on test) ways. Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. He joined Ben Pollacks band and made his first recording. In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the . The Glenn Miller Band worked the best jobs and recorded often. ragtime In As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. The size could be anywhere from about 12 to 30 players. Other swing bands in New York City and beyond incorporated the defining elements associated with the Kansas City tradition to which they added their own stamp, as did Chick Webb and His Orchestra (Stomping at the Savoy, 1934), and Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra (Flying Home, 1942). And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. Hammond, John. The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. Many musical styles contributed to its birth. New York in the late 1920s. The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. [20] Arrangers frequently notate all or most of the score of a given number, usually referred to as a "chart". The trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated From three to five plyers on each instrument might be used. have emerged: "Free jazz" (a "random" loosely-structured intricate fast rhythms and tremendous They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive.

swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and 2023